DEPARTMENT OF ESTATE MANAGMENT, PROJECT TOPIC: RURAL HOUSING PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA:

RURAL HOUSING PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA:

(A CASE STUDY OF IPORIN  )

SYNOPSIS

It is in clear in Nigeria today that housing is usually a serious problem and this situation is worst in the rural area in Nigeria

        In this project, the history of housing condition will be considered in both past and the present situation of problems in our society today.

        Moreso, surveying and research shall be carried out in the study area in order to be able to know the level of these problems in the given area, also other factors such as population trend shall be considered, comparing them to the rate of development of estate in order to know more about the causes of these problems. This project will considered the background of housing problem and the present condition of housing facilities in the study area,

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                         i

Certification                                                                     ii     

Dedication                                                                       iii

Acknowledgements                                                          iv - v

Table of contents                                                             vi - v

CHAPTER ONE

1.1   Introduction                                                            

1.2   Aim and Objectives

1.3   Statement of the Problems

1.4   Research Question

1.5   Significance of the Study                                        

1.6   Scope and Limitation of the study                  

1.7   Definitions of Terms                       

References.                                     

CHAPTER TWO:

2.1   LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2   Concept of Housing

2.3   Concept of Rural Housing

2.4   Nature of Housing

2.5   Housing Facilities and Services

2.6   Importance of Housing

2.7   Housing Policy and Objectives in Nigeria

2.8   Housing Maintenance

CHAPTER THREE:

3.0   RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1   Research Design             

3.2   Sources of data Collection

3.3   Method of Data Collection      

3.4   Method of Data Analysis

3.5   Sampling Techniques

3.6   Sampling Frame and Size

3.7   Historical Background of the Study Area

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   Data Presentation and Analysis                                      

4.1   Housing Unit

4.2   Rural Housing Problems 

4.3   Inadequate of social services and Utilities 

4.4   Drainage and sanitation

4.5   Refuse collection and Sewage Disposal

4.6   Poor Housing Condition

4.7   Problems of Animal and People living together

4.8   Death of Finance 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0   Summary of findings, Recommendation and Conclusions      

5.1   Summary of the findings

5.2   Recommendations                          

5.3   Conclusion

Biography

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1   INTRODUCTION

Housing is one the major element of the social development. It plays a vital role on delivery of health welfare and productivity of the individuals within the communities. This is so because a standard housing improves convinces and further has an impact on health and its influence can not be over estimate on the individuals productive capacity. (Adam, 1980)

        Deficiently, housing is one of the three major necessities of life. i.e clothing, feeding and housing. As such, shelter is globally accepted to be a fundamental human needs together with food and clothing.

        Incredibly, large percentage of the world population does not have    access to the habitable accommodation. This is very peculiar in the rural area due to the facts that many of the land in rural areas are being used for agriculture. Also, little or no attention is being paid for housing in the rural area, because most of their land were  engaged with farming, forgetting that this farmers need to lay their heads comfortably after farming. (Onibokun, 1987)

        Government and private developer intentionally neglect the area, because they believe people residing in the rural area cannot afford to pay the required rent from house which would be a loss to any prudent investor. To solve these problems, this project work will proffer some solutions in the subsequent chapter, which if it is adhered to, it will go a long way in overcoming the problems.

1.2   AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project is to examine the rural housing problem in the Nigeria, a case study of Iporin.

OBJECTIVES

      i.        To identify the causes of housing problem in the study area.

   ii.        To examine the deficiencies on the existing houses in the study area.

 iii.        To evaluate government polices on housing and its significances.

  iv.        To proffer various solutions to rural housing problems in Nigeria.

1.3      STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Housing is said to be one of the  basic necessity of man, and it is indispensable. But despite the importance being attached to rural housing, there are some constraints militating against the growth of housing in rural settings. This include Finance, Overcrowding, problem of quantitative houses.\, and problems of qualitative houses.

1.4      RESEARCH QUESTION

Research problems

1)  What are the obstacles militating against rural housing development?.

2)  What are the implications of lack of finance in rural housing?

3)  What are the effect of overcrowding on rural housing?

4)  What are the effect of usage of local building materials on rural housing?

1.5      SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Due to the size of Nigeria, this project work is focused on examining the problems associated with housing in the rural areas, with reference to Iporin, Ilorin East Local Government Area of Kwara State.

1.6      LIMITATIONS

One of the problems of this work is time. The time required for the project is not enough. Also financial constraints is not left out, as the money required to get the necessary data for accurate work is not a small one.

1.7      SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The significant of this study is to examine the various factors responsible for housing problem in the community as well as the various possibilities of alleviating the problems.

        Today, the importance of housing cannot be over-emphasized in the society as housing provide shelter for the people, as well as the sources of income to the house owners and to the entire country at large.

1.8      DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.     Rural :     this is an area which is not urban, it has to do with countryside rather than the town, everywhere is mostly local. Rural area deals with farming and typical rural houses are made up of mud with thatched roof. A rural resettlement is an agriculture settlement where more than half of the residents engaged in primary occupation i.e Fishing, Lumbering, Grazing, Hunting, etc (Olaifa, 2003).

Rent : It is a periodic payment usually in the form of money made by tenant to a landlord for the used and occupation of land or building .   2.     Settlement :        Is a place were people have come to live and make  their own homes

3.     House :    A house can be defined as a building or a structure comprising walls with foundation, blocks, roof etc in which man lives thereby sheltering himself from the harsh effects of whether, wild animals and other elements.

4.     Housing : Housing can be defined as structures and other supporting infrastructural services, such as a water supply, electricity, roads, shopping facilities, recreational facilities and good environment.

5.     Housing Policy :  This is a plan or a cause of action for directing the affairs on sheltering the population of a given polity. (Sulyman, 2ooo).

6.     Maintenance: This is the work undertaking in order to keep or restore any part of the building or machinery to an acceptable standard. Maintenance is to keep a property in a good habitable condition whereby it can effectively continue serving the purpose for which it was built, and also present a good appearance.

CHAPTER TWO

2.1      LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2      CONCERT OF HOUSING

Housing is one of the three basic needs of mankind and next importance to physical survival of man after food, housing plays a vital role in the social economic, psychological and physiological development of a nationals as a whole (Abraham 1996)

Housing was defined by the world Health Organization (WHO) as the structure that man used for shelter and the environment of that shelter, including all necessary services, facilities and equipment.

Housing is a dwelling structures as well as the focus and locus of house hold activities. It is the base from which operations are carried out .

To a layman, housing means a building for habitation, a shelter to protect a person from various climatic conditions like rain, sunshine snow, harmattan etc. but in actual sense it refers to adequate and decent housing that man uses for shelter, including all necessary utilities, services and facilities needed for the physical and mental health of the individual and family. It is residential environment with all auxiliary services like light, sanitary Convenience and other infrastructural facilities. (Sulyman 2000)

Housing can be defined as highly complex structure which has a fixed location being used only in the place it is being built. It is more than just a physical structure but the environment it is situated as well as necessary infrastructure to make life comfortable, convenient and safe.

2.2.1        HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF HOUSING            

From the beginning man had being a ward over moving from place to place in search of food and they sleep whenever possible. Then man used any shelter available, but due to absence of other facilities and other conditions of man sought out ways of improving the standard of housing. This can make them safe from the enemies and animals, provides shelter from various climatic hostilities like rain and sunshine.

        Thus, new housing were built with materials available eg. Grass, mud, stones etc. but still it did not provide a suitable dwelling (Abraham 1996).

        As the needs of an increased with population, some changes were eminent due to the level of modernization and technology. The scientific advances made it possible for houses to be built with good resources available and various amenities provided. Housing made of mud and huts gave way to modern houses to meet with modern demand and tastes. Building made of bricks, marble and even glass were being constructed.

        The growth of development of housing industry can said is one of the major things that brought about the age of modernization and scientific advancement.

2.3.0               CONCEPT OF RURAL HOUSING

Rural area develop naturally unlike towns and cities that develop from migration of people from rural areas for different purposes.

        Rural areas have no specific definition but can be said to be an area of lesser population compared to the urban areas but larger in physical extent of underdeveloped land, economically agrarian, sociological deficient with a lower living standard.

        The area is mainly concerned with agrarian (Agriculture) activities as their main source of living and sustinence. Majority of populations are farmer or engaged in a part time farming.

        A Rural area is usually characterized by the cooperation, unity and common vices in the system since most of the inhabitants know each other (Yinusa, 1985). In terms of sociology, there is a low literacy standard and a low living standard. But rural areas are known for homogeneous characteristics like ethnicity and religion. But in general terms there is low level of development, inadequacy of facilities and  amenities.

2.3.1                CHARACTERISTIC OF RURAL HOUSING            

The construction of rural housing is made with local materials such as falling tress from the bush and the use of mud block.

        However, the type of construction materials varies, walling materials varies from mud wall to concrete blocks while the roofing materials also vary from thatching roof to corrugated iron sheet.

        Rural houses in Nigeria are deprived of the necessary equipment and essential facilities such as sanitary services, electricity, pipe born water, and motorable road. At present the predominant source of drinking water in rural area if from stream or rivers within or near the settlement. Hurricane lanterns are mostly used for domestic lighting (Onibokun 1987)

2.4   NATURE OF RURAL HOUSING       

The nature of housing in the study area is that development in the future will be difficult. They do not take future into consideration when building the houses because in the future when the study area develops the more, more people will want to erect houses there but due to poor planning, there will be congestion and conflict in land uses and the area will be functional for residential.

The housing type commonly found in the rural area is the single family attached which are in forms of bungalow, storey building of both modern and traditional or Brazilian (face to face) type. (Sulyman 2000).

There is dilapidation and corrosion of houses due to age, obsolescence and poor materials being used for the construction. The low level of education income and knowledge of the future contribute to the poor state of the nature of housing in the study area. (Vicent, 2002)

2.4   HOUSING FACILITIES AND SERVICES   

  Before a building can be fully referred to as a decent dwelling it must consist of some basic facilities and services. The houses in the rural area are characterized by inadequacy of facilities for comfortable and decent living. These facilities are toilet, bathroom, water supply electricity, kitchen, good drainage and sanitary convenience (Sulyman 2000).

To start with, most people use the available open space at the back of their house as a kitchen.

This so called “Kitchen” sometimes face a latrine or gutter full of stagnant water.

The pit toilet is the type commonly used in the rural area. Other types are resorting to bush to ease their convenience but some water closets are available.

The passage of the house is used as a store and this is not only blocking the movement but it disturbs the circulation of air, Electricity supply is not adequate in the rural area, people use well as their sources of water but during dry season the depend on stream.

Most of the houses with in the rural area were deficient in either one or two essential facilities while those who have them do not properly maintain them. (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1991).

2.6   IMPORTANCE OF HOUSING       

The importance of housing in our society cannot be over-emphasized in history of man, it has been observed that there are three basic important necessities of life these are clothing, food and shelter and it is because of these necessities that make man to be labouring  day and night to make sure that the three necessities are achieved at minimal cost (Abrahm, 1996)

        Among these needs, shelter (housing) accommodates a particular place of importance. It also constitutes one of the determinant factors of development production.

        From the economic point of view, housing helps in the economic development of the country. The more houses are being built, the more building materials will be bought, thus money will be circulating.

        A house provides protection and privacy. It protects one  from various weather hostilities like excessive rain and sunshine. It also protect one from enemies and during the time of war.

        Housing is also one of the physical evidence of cultural and spiritual development of the society. The title of ownership indicates a symbol of  affluence and prestige. So aim of every person is to own a house of his own. A comfortable life is assured and it has a significant influence on his health adequate satisfaction and efficiency in his work (Lawal,1997).

2.7      HOUSING POLICY AND OBJECTIVE IN NIGERIAN            

The housing policy main objective is to ensure that all Nigerian have access to housing accommodation at affordable cost by the  year 2000 A.D various step have been taken by the government which reviewed the housing situation in Nigeria (Sulyman, 2000)

Notable among such steps include the establishment of:

         i.        Lagos executive development board, this is aimed at solving the problem of public housing in lagos and later, the board metamorphosed into Lagos State Development and property corporation.

       ii.        State Housing Cooperation: aimed at producing mortgage loans, valued house for sale and lease out buildings

    iii.        Nigerian Building Society: which later change to Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria to provide Finance for housing. Other steps made by the government include the setting up panels and committees to deal with some specific problem of housing delivery with the direct construction of houses for sale to the public (Sulyman 2000) 

In order for this goal to be achieved, the government must pursue a number of policy objective as

1.      To produce adequate cadastral and topographical maps to facilitate land use planning and administration.

2.      To provides site and services to facilitate house ownership and orderly urban and rural development

3.      Mobilize private sector participation in the provision of housing

4.      To improve the finance and strengthen the executive capacity of the local governments to enable them to  contribute more effectively in housing delivery

5.      To improve the quality of rural housing infrastructure and the environment (Sanusi 1997)

2.7.1        The government policy and programme on housing is better viewed from the position of housing in each of the national development plans which Nigeria has undertaken from colonial era till date. The history of housing development in Nigeria can be divided into five phases.

            i.                   Colonial Era

          ii.                   Post Independence era (1960)

       iii.                   The oil boom period (1972 -1979)

        iv.                   The civilian era (1979 -1983)

           v.                   The Military Era (1984 - 1999)

2.7.2                COLONIAL ERA

This period has been described as the era of housing reservation. This is an era when all housing activities and polices of the government was focused on the provision of housing or quarters for the expatriate staff of the government. The Nigerian masses did not received any form of housing assistance from the government and few Civil Servants benefited directly from such housing scheme

 2.7.3       IMMEDIATE POST INDEPENDENCE ERA (1960 - 1979)

In the twelveth (12th) years of independent, the housing programme of Nigeria consisted of development carried out by Lagos executive development board, the housing co-operation and the Nigerian building Society. The main concern of the Federal government during the period was the provision of residential quarters for his workers, Lagos executives development board was created in 1928 as a result of bubonic plague in 1920. in addition, Slum clearance and resettlement of those affected tool place in the Federal Territory of Lagos. The federal government also allocated some money to the African staff housing scheme. These schemes largely benefited the high income group of both private and public sector of the economy because the condition for granting the mortgage loan favoured them. (Sulyman 2000)

2.7.4              THE OIL BOOM PERIOD

       The tremendous increase in government revenue resulting from oil boom lead to a change in the Federal Government National Policies and Programmes.

       In this period, the federal government assumed a major social responsibility for the provision of houses throughout the federation.

The following are the main activities of the period

        i.        National council consisted of all commissioners responsible for housing in the federation.

      ii.        In 1972, the federal government acquired the common wealth development co-operation building society thus increasing the federal government share in the society to 91%

    iii.        In 1973, housing authority was set up to see the implementation of the federal government housing programme (Adam, 1980)

2.7.5              THE CIVILIAN ERA (1979 -1980)

 An elaborated housing programme was embarked upon in 1980 and the low income earners and the medium income group were targets of the loan. A total of 40,000 dwelling units were to be constructed nationwide with 2,000 units located in each state, including the federal capital Territory (FCT). It was also decided that out of the state allocation 80% was earmarked for the low income earners. However, by June 1983 only  32,000 unit had been completed.

       It is pertinent to note that midway through the implementation, the second phase of the programme commenced comprising of 20,000 units of the two bedroom core house for low income group.

       However, this phase of the programme failed to take off in most states (Ezenagu 2000).

2.7.6               THE MILITARY ERA (1984 - 1999)      

The main involvement of the government in the housing sector was in the area of housing finance consequently, the Decree 58 of 1989 was promulgated to allow private sector participation in housing delivery through setting up of primary Mortgage Institutions (PMIS) to mobilized household saving for long-term leading (Sanusi, 1997)

In addition, the federal government adopted the reviewed of National Housing policy which provided a framework for housing Finance operation including the establishment of a two – tier institutional structure for housing with federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria (FMBN) as the regulation apex institution. The National Housing Fund (NHF) was set up with decree 3 of 1992 to provide Finance for Nigerian at low Increase rate. It is meant for medium and low income groups towards the realization of National Housing Policy (FRN, 1991).

2.8                    HOUSING MAINTENANCE

Maintenance is any work undertaken in other to keep, store or improve every part of a building or machinery to an acceptable standard and sustain its utility so that it continue to provide the same facilities and amenities as it did when it was first developed.

        The maintenance aspect of both houses and infrastructural which has been totally neglected is also a case which was treated as important of the initial construction of the building itself, regardless of the non – tarring of the access road to the various part of the community was not maintained at all, rather the maintenance is based on the human effort for road maintenance (Onibokun 1987)

MAJOR MAINTENANCE IN BUILDING

Maintenance can be carried out by the house owner or the occupant through the following work undertaken.

        i.        Emergency work: This is necessary to prevent the loss of facilities e.g electricity, water, and anything that can expose the life of occupant into danger must be executed as quickly as possible.

      ii.        Routine repair: Work carried out on day to day basis, such as replacement of broken lowers and daily sweeping of the floor and environment in general.

    iii.        Major repair and minor new repairs for instance occasional redecoration, replacement of roof, construction of drainage system for erosion.  

CHAPTHER THREE

3.0      RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1      RESEARCH DESIGN

The researcher made use of questionnaire and one on one oral interview as well as going to field for personal observation so as to find out what is happening in the study area. The research work includes rural housing problem, financing of rural housing, various types of houses in Aporin and the various contributions made by the past and present government as regards housing problem in Nigeria.

The most important tool for advancing knowledge is research; hence research is directed at finding the relationship among various phenomenons in the whole of the universe.

3.2.1.1         SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION

For the purpose of this work, both the two method of data collection were adopted.

i       Primary method of data collection

ii      Secondary method of data collection

        Primary source of data for this study are basically from the analysis of the reports of the field survey conducted, questionnaire, personal observation and oral interview.

        Secondary data are collected through useful information from text books, journals and unpublished dissertation.

3.3.0               METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

3.3.1               QUESTIONNAIRE

        Questionnaire is one of the major instruments for collecting information for research purpose 200 questionnaire were served and all the questionnaire was returned.                  

3.3.2               PERSONAL OBSERVATION

        These were made through direct observation which showed some of the rural housing problem in Iporin.

        In the study area, the researcher observed that majority of the buildings are not structurally sound or in good condition. There is also congestion and conflict of land uses due to poor planning. There is dilapidation and corrosion of house due to age, obsolescence and poor materials being used in the construction.

3.3.3        ORAL INTERVIEW

The researcher conducted personal interview with Chief Musa A. Ahmed to get the historical background of Aporin.

The research also moves from one place to another to seek the opinion of people concerning rural housing problem in Nigeria.

3.4   METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

        The data gathered from the study area were analyzed and presented using descriptive statistics like frequency distribution tables, percentages and bar charts.

3.5      SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

        For the purpose of this study, the researcher adopted Random Sampling technique. The study area was randomly sampled since it is a  unit community, the research served 200 questionnaire to the community using systematic random sampling technique. The entire questionnaire served was returned almost all the respondent responded to all the questions.

3.6      SAMPLING  SIZE AND FRAME

        The total number of residential houses in the study area is 2,000, (two thousand) while the researcher served 200 questionnaires, using systematic random sampling technique. The researchers used the total number of residential houses (2000) as the sampling size while 200 houses was used as sample frame.

3.7      HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA, IPORIN

        Iporin, the area under study has its Origin traced down to a year after the war of Oyo Messi. Then, there were three brother hunting in the bush, in the process of hunting they saw one big Rock and they decided to make the place their  settlement. They used to file their sword and knife in the rock whenever they were going out. When people asked them where they are going, they would say “we want to go and file our sword” (Iporin). Till they name the place Ipoorin ponda, whenever they went out, they would returned to the rock at night. They later mobilized people to the place. This rock is still their up till this moment .

3.7.1                GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA

        Iporin community is geographically located in ilorin east local government of kwara state. It shares boundary with more local government. It also has direct link to neighboring state i.e Niger state. This community is experiencing both qualitative and quantitative housing problems. Iporin is in the same senatorial district with other village like panada, Adelu, Osin and Baadi etc.  

3.7.2                 OCCUPATION

        The dwellers of the area under study regard the settlement as their place of work, which had been like that for years. As a matter of fact, their main occupation is farming, but some of them that are privileged to go to higher institution migrate to other urban area in search of white cola job, while many that are semi-skilled and unskilled labours stay back in the village to carry out private business like petty trading, selling of logs e.t.c.

3.7.3                POPULATION OF THE STUDY AREA

        The population of the study area is not accessible. The researcher made frantic efforts to get the total population of the area in the last census conducted so as to apply formular and get actual population, but it was to no avail.

        Consequently, the researchers makes do with the questionnaires administered.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1   HOUSING UNITS

        The total number of habitable houses in Iporin as at present, according to the field survey of June, 2011 and in accordance with town planning numbering figures is two thousand, while about fifty houses is under construction. Many of the completed houses had been fully occupied by owners.

4.2   RURAL HOUSING CONDITION

        In most Nigeria rural Areas, especially the study area Iporin, they are lots of problem facing them as a result of the constructional types, design and the materials used. Among the materials used are discussed below;

i.      Wall: The type of wall in rural area ranges from mud wall to block wall, but predominantly about 70% percent of the rural houses especially the study area is made up of mud walls with unplastered surface, this made the building to reach its obsolescence stage within a very short period of its construction. Brick block and other materials are also used as walling construction materials, but very few in units. The table below shows materials for wall constructions from 200 sample houses in Iporin

TABLE 1: MATERIALS FOR WALL CONSTRUCTION        

MATERIALS FOR WALL CONSTRUCTION	NO OF BUILDING	PERCENTAGES%
Stone	12	6
Concret Block	38	19
Mud Block	50	25
Mud	100	50
TOTAL	200	100

Sources; Field Survey, June 2011

BAR CHART SHOWING THE MATERIALS FOR WALL  CONSTRUCTION IN OKE – OYI

 

ii.     ROOF: The roofing materials of many houses in Iporin were made up of Modern materials and local materials such as corrugated Irion sheet, Aluminum Iron sheet etc. some of theses roofing materials are old and has become rusted, therefore, leading to leakages.

        The table below shows the materials used for roofing construction of houses in a random sampling of 200 houses in Iporin.

TABLE 2 MATERIALS USED FOR ROOFING CONSTRUCTION IN IPORIN              

MATERIALS FOR ROOFING	NO OF BUILDING	PERCENTAGES%
Concrete	30	15
Aluminum Iron sheet	155	62.5
Corrugated	15	22.5
TOTAL	200	100

Sources; Field Survey, June 2011

BAR CHART SHOWING THE MATERIALS USED FOR ROOFING CONSTRUCTION IN IPORIN,

 

iii.    FLOORING: The flooring finishes of many houses in the study area is nothing to write home about. Over 30 percent of the houses in the area do not have floor finishes. Concrete floor is used in large percentage, but terrazzo floor finishes is used in a few number of houses there.

        The table below shows the flooring condition of houses from a random sampling of 200 houses in Iporin.

TABLE 3. FLOORING CONDITION OF HOUSES IN IPORIN        

FLOORING CONDITION	NO OF BUILDING	PERCENTAGES%
Not finished	22	11
Cement sand Crete	160	80
Terrazzo floor finish	18	9
TOTAL	200	100

Sources; Field Survey, June 2011

BAR CHART SHOWING THE FLOORING CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES  IN IPORIN

 

IV.   CEILING: In rural areas especially the study area Iporin, the ceiling construction is Majorly made and constructed with local materials such as the uses of mats, Sacks, Cardboard, few among them were constructed with Asbestos, while some do not have ceiling.

        The table below shows the materials used for ceiling construction from a random sampling of 200 houses in Iporin

TABLE 4         

MATERIALS USED	NO OF BUILDING	PERCENTAGES%
Mats	31	15.5
Sacks	50	25
Without ceiling	46	23
Card board	40	20
Asbestos	33	16.5
TOTAL	200	100

Sources; Field Survey, June 2011

BAR CHART SHOWING THE MATERIALS USED FOR CEILING CONSTRUCTION IN IPORIN

 

VI.   PLASTERING AND PAINTING: Only few among the houses in the study area are plastered while the larger percentage remain un plastered. This  had seriously contributed to the high degree of deterioration of the existing buildings, therefore resulting to physically unattractive, structurally unsound and functionally obsolescance occurred

  .Also only few among the houses in the study area are painted, while the paint used for some houses has become faded, this made them to posses shabby appearance and unattractive.

VI.   WINDOW: Window types of rural houses is commonly constructed with plank. It is only few among them  that were made of louver glass and glazed aluminum sliding.

        Table below shows the materials used for window construction in Iporin

TABLE 5 MATERIAL USED FOR WINDOW CONSTRUCTION    

MATERIALS FOR WINDOW CONSTRUCTION	NO OF BUILDING	PERCENTAGES%
Wooden	140	70
Louver glass	52	26
Glazed glass	8	4
TOTAL	200	100

Sources; Field Survey, June 2011

BAR CHART SHOWING THE MATERIALS USED FOR WINDOW CONSTRUCTION

 

VII. INADEQUACY OF FACILITIES AND SERVICE.

Services and facilities within the study area such as toilet, bathroom and kitchen are not adequate, many houses do not provide housing services that can make houses enjoyable and convenient to the occupiers.

        The bale below show the types of services and facilities in a random sampling of 200 houses in Iporin 

 TABLE 6. THE PLASTERING AND PAINTING CONDITION OF HOUSES IN APORIN  

No of plastered	80
No of unplastered	120
No of painted	20
No of unpainted	180

Sources: Field Survey June, 2011

        From the above table, one could see that the number of unplastered and unpainted houses is far greater than that of plastered and painted houses from the above figure, it shows that the housing condition of the study area is very bad in term of attractive and Physically is not alright.

        The table below shows the type of service and facilities in a random sampling of 200 houses in Iporin

TABLE 7: TYPE OF SERVICE AND FACILITIES IN THE BUILDINGS

TYPES OF SOURCES AND FACILITIES IN A BUILDING	NO OF BUILDING	PERCENTAGES%
Toilet	21	10.5
Bathroom	20	10
Kitchen	19	9.5
Pipe born water	10	5
Electricity	-	-
TOTAL	70	100

Sources; Field Survey, June 2011

viii.  THE AGE OF BUILDINGS: The building age of houses in Iporin varies see table 7 below it depends on the year of construction. Many range from 0-5 years while some are 5 – 20 years. But the larger percentage of houses in Iporin range from 36 years and above which is 30%.

The table bellow shows the age of the building in Iporin from a random sample of 200 houses.

TABLE 7: AGE OF THE BUILDING 

AGES IN YEARS	NO OF BUILDING	PERCENTAGES%
1- 15 years	35	17.5
15 – 25 years	50	25
26 – 35 years	55	27.5
36 above	60	30
TOTAL	200	100

Sources; Field Survey, June 2011

BAR CHART SHOWING THE AGE OF BUILDING

 

4.3   RURAL HOUSING PROBLEMS INADEQUANCY OF SOCIAL SERVICES AND UTILITIES

        There is insufficiency of basic amenities like water supply, hospitals, electricity, schools in the study area. Though some infrastructural amenities were provided, but they were not adequate. The residents complained of inadequacy of pipe borne water.  In some parts of the study area, people queue for a long time before they can get water.

        Toilet and bathroom facilities are scarce in the study area, people go to bush to pass feaces  and  the bathroom is just a structure covered with cloth. However due to civilization and development in economic status of some dwellers, modern houses are being built in some parts of the area.

4.4   DRAINAGE AND SANITATION     

        The drainage system of an area is sometimes used to determine the quality of the environment, the drainage system of the area is very bad. There are galley of different width worsened by the action of erosion during the rainy season. There are open drains along the road that do not function well due to lack of maintenance, while there is no planned passage for waste water in some areas.

4.5   REFUSE COLLECTION AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL

        Refuse is dumped indiscriminately on road sides and open space or gutters between buildings. This makes the environment dirty and ugly. It also constitutes nuisance to the environment due to the offensive odour emitted from decaying refuse.

                Also, the drains used for swage dumps are full of stagnant water during rainy season and it provides a breeding space for mosquitoes. The environmental condition of the study area is very poor and this can lead to the infection of communicable disease like cholera, small pox etc

4.6   POOR HOUSING CONDITION   

 A close look at the study area reveals that some houses are old and unattractive in sight. The arrangement of the building does not ensure adequate privacy, compared to modern houses, also the areas are not well planned, this causes congestion of buildings. Infact, the inhabitants do not maintains building regulations and byelaws.

        There is also a problem of ventilation since provision is not made for ventilation and this can lead to spread of diseases and suffocation.

        The quality of existing housing is substandard in many respects and a programme of rehabilitation of houses should be effected and even Re development if necessary.

        The use of building materials that are not strong enough to withstand various weather conditions are used. Mud does not last long and wears out easily with time.

4.7   PROBLEMS OF ANIMAL AND PEOPLE LIVING TOGETHER

        In most rural communities in Nigeria, domestic animals are kept together with dwellers under the same roof; cattle, cat, sheep and goat share the same place with human beings .

        This is because provision is not made for domestic animals reared in the house, such as providing cages and shelter for them. This has unhygienic effect on dwellers since animals liter the place with feaces and droppings

4.8   DEARTH OF FINANCE

        This is a major factor affecting the provision of qualitative housing and the maintenance of buildings in the study area. The income earned by occupant is not enough to cover the cost of construction of houses and more importantly, the part of the income that they are willing and able to denote to the housing, is not enough to cover the construction of houses.

        Most of the people who had houses in the study area achieved this through loans from friends, relatives or by building it themselves with low quality materials.

        Also there is problem of management and maintenance of the already existing houses in the study area, most of the houses are dilapidated due to usage. There is need to rehabilitates the houses and redevelop some part of the area but financial constraints has a persistent effect     

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0      SUMMARY OF FINDING, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1   SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

i.      The researcher was able to find out that the major cause of rural housing problem is the number of housing unit available for the people of the case stud area i.e Iporin.

ii.       The problem of over-crowding in some houses where the dwellers occupied. Because research showed that average family size ranges from 3-4 person/room and 6-8 persons / flat. But in a situation where 7 people live in a room and 10-15 persons live in a flat, it resulted into overcrowding, thereby making the building obsolescence progression to be high.

iii.        The areas where the buildings are built are not properly drained and lack basic facilities like electricity, good road network e.t.c

iv.         The buildings in the study area are not properly maintained. The maintenance culture is bad. Because little or no repairs are done.

5.2      RECOMMENDATION 

In spite of all these problems, the researcher will recommend some solutions in which if properly implemented will go a long way in solving the problems facing rural housing.

Firstly, there should be provision of more infrastructure facilities, good road network, drainage system, refuse disposal, adequate pipe borne water, electricity e.t.c will great reduce the problems, because their presence will be adding to the structural stability and durability of the buildings.

Another recommendation is that there should be increase in maintenance culture adopted in the area. This will reduce rapid deterioration of the building and prolong the life span of the buildings.

Also there should be provision for credit facilities by the government with low interest rate. This will enable the dwellers to have access to loan, and it will encourage the dwellers to build houses with quality materials

There should be encouragement from the side of government to the private sector. If the private sector are well encouraged and supervised by the government, it will enable them to provide housing unit and hence reduced housing problems. Government can assist these private developers in term of mortgage finance.

If all these are carried out, the problems of rural housing will greatly reduce if not completely eradicated

5.3   CONCLUSION

Conclusively, this write up has critically examined the rural housing problem in Iporin and has equally proffer solutions to most of the problems. The problems identified are in adequate housing space, poor housing condition, lack of drainage facility, absence of electricity and poverty on the part of residents of the study area. If all the recommendation above were properly implemented and followed, housing problem in Iparin and similar rural areas in Nigeria would be addressed

QUESTIONNAIRE

RURAL HOUSING PROBLEM IN NIGERIA A CASE STUDY OF IPORIN ILORIN EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT, KWARA STATE

Dear respondents

This questionnaire is prepared to help the researcher in gathering information on the above research topic, in partial fulfillment for the award of Higher National Diploma in Estate management

 Please tick and provide the appropriate answers your answer will be treated with strict confidence.

Thanks for your corporation.

Name of respondent;

1.     Sex (a)    male (       )       (b)    female (       )

2.     Age

        i.      20 – 30    (       )

        ii.     31 – 40    (       )

        iii.    41 – 50    (       )

        iv.    51 – 60    (       )

        v.     61 and above (       )

3.     Occupation

        i.      farming    (       )

        ii.     Trading    (       )

        iii.    Civil service (      )

        iv.    Artisan     (       )

        v.     other specify  (       )

4.     Type of house

        i.      tenement (     )

        ii.     block of flat  (      )

        iii.    bungalow  (       )

        iv.    other (specify)  (       )

5.     Age of the building

        i.      1 – 10      (       )

        ii.     11 – 20    (       )

        iii.    21 – 30    (       )

        iv.    31 and above (       )

6.     Wall materials.

        i.      stone        (        )

        ii.     Concrete (        )

        iii.    Mud block       (       )

        iv.    Mud         (        )

        v.     plank       (        )

7.     Roofing materials

        i.      concrete   (        )

        ii.     Asbestos  (        )

        iii.    Aluminum                       (        )

        iv.    Corrugated iron sheet      (         )

        v.     galvanized                        (        )

8.     Window materials

        i.      wooden            (       )

        ii.     Louver glass     (       )

        iii.    Others (specify)        (       )

9.          flooring materials

i.      laterite     (       )

ii.     cement sand Crete   (       )

iii.    terrazzo    (      )

iv.    Other (specify)  (       )

10.  Ceiling materials

        i.      mats                (       )

        ii.     sacks               (       )

        iii.    Cardboard        (        )

        iv.    Asbestos          (        )

        v.     none                (        )

11.   Plastering

        i.      plastered          (        )

        ii.     not plastered    (       )

12.      service and facilities

i.      toilet                (        )

ii,     bathroom                 (       )

iii.    kitchen            (       )

iv.    Pipe borne water      (       )

v.     electricity                 (       )

SECTION B

1)     What are the causes of rural housing problems?

(a)    Poor planning (                ) (b)  over crowding  (               )

2)          Is there any government ,policy on housing in Iporin?...................................................................

3)          Does government made any provision for housing finance (       ) yes  (        )  no  (            )

4)          Does usage of local building materials has any effect on rural housing?

5)          What are the rural housing problem in Iporin ……………………………………………………………….. 

6).    What in your opinion can be done to solve housing problems?...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................